15.1 Minimizing Misclassification Errors for Data Accuracy

{
# Add a column of 1s for the intercept
X = cbind(1, X)

# Calculate the predicted values
y_hat = X %*% par

# Calculate the error
error = y – y_hat

# Calculate the value as mean squared error
value = sum(error^2) / nrow(X)

# Return the objective value
return(value)
}